The Kyoto Protocol (1997) has been a turning point for future economic and environmental policies for both industrialized and developing countries. The vehicle engine manufacturers are continuously working towards reducing fuel consumption and emissions while maintaining optimum performance by keeping the Air to fuel ratio (AFR) as close to the stoichiometric value of 14.7. In the present paper, new simulation model using Matlab Simulink for a SI (Spark-Ignition) engine has been developed that included all engine dynamic models such as dynamic model of the throttle body, a lambda dynamic model, a model of the intake manifold dynamic, and models of engine torque and fuel injection dynamic. Then, to control the AFR in SI engines, new controllers were proposed to maximize fuel economy and minimize exhaust emissions. A hybrid fuzzy logic controller (HFLC) was created by combining a PID control and fuzzy control. However, this model was validated using the results from engine for various constant load operation tests such as 40 Nm, 50 Nm and 60 Nm but this paper only presented operation at 60 Nm. The simulation results founded that the maximum and minimum AFR for convectional look-up and HFLC methods were (16.80, 12.4) and (15.02, 14.4) respectively. Simulation results from HFLC were lower than other methods such as Sliding Mode Control (SMC), Neural Network (NN), Proportional–Integral controller (PI) and Model-based Predictive Control (MPC) extracted from publishing data.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Malaysia
Measurement is a process or an activity to determine a numerical quantity of an object with the purpose to find the best numerical value of its certain characteristics. The main points of measurement activities are: the purpose of the measurement, object of the measurement, the tools used and the process of how to do the measurement. The result of the measurement is only the estimation of the real values. Measurement, in general, means an activity using a certain chosen principle which could be qualified in some different ways. The procedure of measurement uses a selected method and usually written on a document called “the procedure of measurement” or “the method of measurement” which is written in detail to help the operator works without any further information. This paper will discuss about checking, measuring, and determining the deviation existed on the design process of making the ship patrol model,starting from the preparation until the test it self. The investigated model is characteristically spesific for test and hopefully could be used as the standard of the best optimum model to get as accurate design result as the real ship.
Indonesia hydrodynamics laboratory, BPPT, Indonesia
